Linear Analysis

Consider a uniform gas with density $\rho_0$ and pressure $p_0$ without motion ${\bf u}_0=0$. In this uniform gas distribution, we assume small perturbations. As a result, the distributions of the density, the pressure and the velocity are perturbed from the uniform ones as

\begin{displaymath}
\rho=\rho_0+\delta \rho,
\end{displaymath} (2.27)


\begin{displaymath}
p=p_0+\delta p,
\end{displaymath} (2.28)

and
\begin{displaymath}
{\bf u}={\bf u}_0+\delta {\bf u}=\delta {\bf u},
\end{displaymath} (2.29)

where the amplitudes of perturbations are assumed much small, that is, $\vert\delta \rho\vert/\rho_0 \ll 1$, $\vert\delta p\vert/p_0 \ll 1$ and $\vert\delta {\bf u}\vert/c_s \ll 1$. We assume the variables changes only in the $x$-direction. In this case the basic equations for isothermal gas are
\begin{displaymath}
\frac{\partial \rho}{\partial t}+\frac{\partial \rho u}{\partial x}=0,
\end{displaymath} (2.30)


\begin{displaymath}
\rho \left( \frac{\partial u}{\partial t}+u\frac{\partial u}{\partial x}\right)=-\frac{\partial p}{\partial x} +\rho g_x,
\end{displaymath} (2.31)

and
\begin{displaymath}
p=c_{is}^2\rho,
\end{displaymath} (2.32)

where $u$ and $g_x$ represent the $x$-component of the velocity and that of the gravity, respectively.

Using equations (2.27), (2.28), and (2.29), equation (2.30) becomes

\begin{displaymath}
\frac{\partial \rho_0+\delta \rho}{\partial t}+\frac{\partial (\rho_0+\delta \rho)(u_0+\delta u)}{\partial x}=0.
\end{displaymath} (2.33)

Noticing that the amplitudes of variables with and without $\delta$ are completely different, two equations are obtained from equation(2.33) as
$\displaystyle \frac{\partial \rho_0}{\partial t}+\frac{\partial \rho_0 u_0}{\partial x}$ $\textstyle =$ $\displaystyle 0,$ (2.34)
$\displaystyle \frac{\partial \delta \rho}{\partial t}+\frac{\partial \rho_0 \delta u + \delta \rho u_0}{\partial x}$ $\textstyle =$ $\displaystyle 0,$ (2.35)

where the above is the equation for unperturbed state and the lower describes the relation between the quantities with $\delta$. Equation (2.34) is automatically satisfied by the assumption of uniform distribution. In equation (2.35) the last term is equal to zero. Equation of motion
\begin{displaymath}
(\rho_0+\delta \rho) \left( \frac{\partial u_0+\delta u}{\pa...
..._0+\delta\rho) \frac{\partial \phi_0+\delta \phi}{\partial x},
\end{displaymath} (2.36)

gives the relationship between the terms containing only one variable with $\delta$ as follows:
\begin{displaymath}
\rho_0\frac{\partial \delta u}{\partial t}=
-\frac{\partial ...
...{\partial x} - \rho_0 \frac{\partial \delta \phi}{\partial x}.
\end{displaymath} (2.37)

The perturbations of pressure and density are related with each other as follows: for the isothermal gas
\begin{displaymath}
\frac{\delta p}{\delta \rho}=\left(\frac{\partial p}{\partial \rho}\right)_T=\frac{p_0}{\rho_0}=c_{is}^2,
\end{displaymath} (2.38)

and for isentropic gas
\begin{displaymath}
\frac{\delta p}{\delta \rho}=\left(\frac{\partial p}{\partial \rho}\right)_{\rm ad}=\gamma \frac{p_0}{\rho_0}=c_{s}^2.
\end{displaymath} (2.39)

Kohji Tomisaka 2009-12-10